To what extent should individusl liberties be compromised in the name Essay

To what extent should individusl liberties be compromised in the name of national security - Essay Example I will be presenting arguments in favor of individual liberties compromised in the name of national security and provide a counter argument, which I espouse. In this regard, I maintain that individual liberties should be minimally compromised, if possible not compromise at all, even in the name of national security due to the fundamental principles which serves as the country – freedom, equality and democracy. And because of the fact that United States is a country of immigrants. Generally, liberty presupposes the idea that a human person is a rational agent, capable of making decisions and has the freedom to act upon the decision that he/she has arrived. This is necessary in order for the human person to flourish and realize his/her potentialities. This presupposition is deemed inherent in all human beings as human beings. However, in reality, not everybody can do anything that he/she wants because it may cause harm to others. As such, people have decided to enter into an agreement creating the state so that they can live peacefully, continue living together and pursue the good life. In this sense, it can be impugned that the state is created by the people, for the people and through the people. In return, the state provides protection to life, liberty and properties of the people. However, 9/11 has created the condition wherein the state has to impinge on individual liberties in order to protect the lives and properties of the greater majority since after 9/11 â€Å"the home front has become the battlefront† (Wolfowitz 2002 as cited in Krikorian 461). In this sense, there are those who advocate the idea that the state in the name of national security should be given more room to infringe on individual liberties and that individual liberties should be curtailed to the extent that the protection and security of the

Knowledge Carries An Ethical Responsibility Philosophy Essay

Knowledge Carries An Ethical Responsibility Philosophy Essay We began collecting new information from the day we were born through various ways of knowing such as emotion and perception. This is because we want to learn about life and we do this by interpreting the knowledge that we possessed and possession is the state of owning something. At first we may not know or care what the knowledge that we possess carries and we continue to live our lives without knowing what they are. But as we grow in age, we may begin to question ourselves are we free to own this knowledge? Then questions may appear in our brains about the duties of carrying such knowledge and are we obligated to act upon the things we know? Does the possession of any type of knowledge carry an ethical responsibility? I agree on the claim to be reasonable that the possession of knowledge carries an ethical responsibility. Knowledge carries an ethical responsibility. My thesis is that our knowledge is interpreted from things that are representative of our social values, therefore k nowledge comes with a certain level of responsibility accordingly to the social values. I believe ethics and moral are quite different, ethics is the standard behavior expected by a group for example the society. According to Albert Schweitzer, The first step in the evolution of ethics is a sense of solidarity with other human beings, solidarity is the bond shown by a society with people and those around them. We act because there is integration between us and those around us. If one holds the knowledge to another persons life, he/she is obligated to act upon it because of our social values. It is not ethical to watch the world burn if knowing you have the ability to stop it. But I will go into the knowledge issues that derive from this claim, in order to evaluate the ethical responsibility of knowledge in different Ways of knowing and Areas of knowledge. If one should take their own ethical responsibility for their knowledge then would a primary educated person measure the same standard of ethical responsibility as a professor? Should these ethical responsibilities be a fixed standard value or a scale standard value? The measurement of ethical responsibility should not be a fixed standard value because we perceive the values of the society differently but as soon as the knowledge is directly affecting someone else, regardless of it is positively or negatively, there should be a scale standard value. I am 18 years old and I am a heart transplant recipient. I am very thankful for organ donors. 4 years ago, I was diagnosed with a heart failure and in 2008 I was put on to the heart donation waiting list and for the whole year I was on the brink of death. But a family unknown to me agreed to donate an organ of their family member who had been in a very deep coma. That person has a small chance to wake up from the coma and reunite with his /her family. However, the family decided to give the patient a peaceful death and they pulled the plug. The family had the choice of donating the organs or not. Looking back at the knowledge question, does the possession of knowledge that can save lives of many people carry an ethical responsibility? In this case, the claim depends on the nature of the knower, they donated the organs to those who are in need because they think they are ethically responsible to help the society. They placed social value higher than the small chance of their family member waking up. They acted as a utilitarian, maximizing the happiness in the society on the consequences of their actions; therefore the family believed it is the right thing to do. However, if we are to look at this case with divine command theory where all morality is dependent on the will of God, the whole stand point in this case changes. Because at the very beginning, pulling the plug is an act of murder and it is against Gods will, therefore it is morally incorrect to do so, even though you know the result could save lives and the knower will not see the need of ethical responsibility. At the center of this questions lies the different ways of knowing. As we learn in life, we also start to identify and distinguish that what is ethical and what is not in our society. Some we accept without doubt, just as we did when we our parent told us that stealing things which do not belong to us is wrong or teachers telling us that cheating in an exam or test is not acceptable. We learn what knowledge carries ethical responsibility from authority figures because these authority figures are respected as we believe they are more experience and knowledgeable than us. But do these authority figures like scientist or a literature writer carry a higher responsibility than a normal person? I would argue that everyone should take their ethical responsibility of what they know or have done, therefore scientist or literature writer should take a higher responsibility because they are doing something that is influencing the society. But there is independence between knowledge and ethics. It is more of what ethics relies on. It can be argue that the responsibility of ethics relies on the ethical principle. For example if killing people in any situation must be wrong, then why do countries still have death penalty? What is the ethical responsibility in natural science? There was a very interesting movie released in the year of 2005 called The Island where groups of cloned humans are held captive in an isolated compound and they were told that the outer world is too contaminated for human to settle in. Every week the compound staffs will harvest the clones organs for the people in the outer world who are willing to pay for the organs. If this scenario was real life, where would the ethics in this natural science of cloning in this scenario be? The buyer is of course suffering from an organ failure and is in need of an organ, the buyer knows the organ is harvested from his clone, what is the ethical decision and responsibility in this? If we are to look at this at a social stand point, it is definitely wrong to do such thing, although it is a clone, our social value sees that killing another human for your own needs is unacceptable and should be punished but the knower, the buyer may not see the same because his ways of knowing is different to the society and the way he/she see the ethical responsibility will be different. The biggest WOK in this is the emotion, the person is buying organs because of his strong emotion to live on and he would reason that the clone is a clone of himself and he may not see the responsibility in this case of action. I believe that in natural science, the need of ethical responsibility is more significant than in other area of knowledge. Ethical responsibility in other Areas of knowledge can be a must have, such as business in human science where ethical responsibility is equally needed. If a business knows chemical wastes are being produced during the production of their products, do they have the responsibility to clean up the waste caused by them? There are responsibilities when it is directly affecting the society, this is why there are laws and restriction restraining how much pollution the business can cause, but it does not force the business to clean it up completely due to economic issues, but the business holds the final decision whether it should act ethically and clean everything. Again this depends on the owner of the business, the knower, to decide where he/she should act upon this. If he does, people may view the business as an ethical company, thus increasing the business image. Therefore, the business must have the ethical responsibility to not over pollute the environment but after that, the respons ibility helping the environment depends on the knower. To bring in some conclusions from the above arguments, should the possession of knowledge carries an ethical responsibility? Ethics is the standard behavior expected by the society and it makes our moral principle. Ethical responsibility is the principle that is restraining us from doing a certain things that would affect the order of the human society as a whole. So I agree on this claim to be reasonable that the possession of knowledge carries an ethical responsibility but there should not be a fixed standard to measurement these responsibilities.

William Ramsay Essay -- essays research papers fc

William Ramsay William Ramsay was born on the second of October, in the year 1852. William, and his parents, William and Catherine, lived in Glasgow, Scotland. William Ramsay performed his work in his native town, until 1870 when he went to Tà ¼bingen and earned his doctorate in 1872. When returned to Scotland later that year, he became an assistant chemist at the Anderson College in Glasgow. Eight years later, he was appointed principal and professor of chemistry at London University, which held until his retirement in 1913.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ramsay’s earliest works were in the field of organic chemistry. In his early experiments he showed that the alkaloids are related to pyridine, which he synthesized in 1876 from acetylene and prussic acid. Some of his first work was related with the study of a new Bismuth mineral, which was only recognized as a metal until the 18th Century. William Ramsay also verified Roland Eà ¶tvà ¶'s law for the constancy of the rate of change of molecular surface energy with temperature. Ramsay published his work in accordance to Dobbie, on the decomposition products of the quinine alkaloids. William was very successful and submitted many contributions to physical chemistry, being mostly on Stoichiometry and Thermodynamics. He also commenced the 1880’s with his work with Sidney Young on evaporation and dissociation.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In 1892, a British physicist named Lord Rayleigh asked chemists to explain the difference bet...

Ms. Sakshi

HIDES has been known as one of the main contributing causes of the declining African economy ever since it started as an epidemic. The commencement of this deadly disease and its sporadic nature caused many deep economic problems, which are currently being experienced by the region. Some of which is because of the various policies and regulations that have been altered due to its unfortunate arrival in the area.The main issues facing most of Africa due to this terrible epidemic are the high expenses of health care and its limited access, poor economic performances, he decline of the labor market, the poor being affected the most, and agricultural & loss of farm output. This in return has caused people and African governments to try and come up with policies to mitigate the effects of this terrible disease. These policies were put into place with certain fundamental aspects, which meant to create a positive outcome, in order to restrain all or some of the damages that this disease has brought upon the continent.The World Bank is amongst the most reliable sources that produce data on the economic progress of African countries. It has advised that though there are several elements related to poor economic performance, HIVE/AIDS is among the worst. The effects instigated from this disease can be seen as direct and indirect costs. Direct costs are the ones related to any treatment cost related with HIVE linked illnesses. This has exhibited serious repercussions for health care budgets around the continent.In addition, poverty makes the African population at vulnerable stages since any access to medical care is extremely expensive and most people cannot afford it (Sided 2007). On the other hand, the unintended costs are more problematic to quantify as they present the loss of the current value of future earnings, the loss of current wages, training costs of new staff, value in production, great staff turnover, cost of absenteeism, greater recruitment costs, savings d rainages, etc. These costs are not only effecting public companies and the private sector, but also everyone from families, friends and the community at large.Also, the drastic decrease in population, as one predication states that in 2020 the populations in Sub-Sahara Africa will be 3. 2 % less, due to AIDS (African Development Bank Group 1993). In other countries that reduction is more extreme, for example, Uganda by 8% and in Zambia by 12% (Population Newsletter 1992). In the South African region, many studies have been done and macroeconomic modeling practices have been conducted with the aim of determining the probable impacts of AIDS on the South African economy.In one of the models, they have established different economic consequences that have resulted from such disease in the South African region. The channels include low labor force, lower labor productivity through absenteeism and illness. There is so such pressure on organizations to provide benefits and compensation to the victims that have caught the disease. Moreover, life expectancy is dropping to 47 years in Sub Sahara Africa, as oppose to 62 years in the absence of AIDS (Population Newsletter 1992). Which ultimately can have a major negative impact on the entire population.Labor income is being reduced drastically by organizations in anticipation that employees may catch the disease in the longer run. Also, smaller populations are almost always accompanied with low expenditures, and with high death rates due to the disease, (Poke, Widthwise, & Sander 2007) this will ultimately lead to a weak economy in the country. The private sector demands from the public health care services to improve in parallel with people's needs including making a common pledge to have a well-established health care system.That is why the government undertakes high expenditures based on the purchases of highly sensitive equipment's and medication to enhance the proper care of the disease. AIDS has showed a major seve re effect on the gross domestic product of most countries it has affected. This was clearly evident in the South African GAP of the year 2010. The country had anticipated a higher GAP but it was later recorded that it was much less than they had anticipated. This was mainly due to the lack of investment.Many people and families avoided and evaded making medium to long-term investments, because they want to have some money in case they become sick (Katharine 1993:93). Also, the magnitude of the situation is often seen and felt in other aspects of the economy. For instance, AIDS increases urban migration, which puts the current population at risk. Not to mention poverty, and prostitution, that often become the only conditions available for some families. This effect then expands from one sector to the other, one society to the other, and one area to the other.The influence of HIVE/AIDS relative to the household level also has adverse effects in the macro-economic framework. The ramifi cations of HIVE/AIDS are most damaging at the domestic level of poor families in comparison with rich families. Poor families are usually more affected by this disease than rich families, which consequently cause social instability. By looking at the micro level of society, which is mainly families and individuals, and seeing the effects of such disease, leaves one beseeches. The scenario goes like this, the person get sick/infected; they can't work and lose income.His/her family will spend more money and time to take care of them. Also, the person who got sick could've been a doctor, an engineer, etc. So, by losing the individual not only does the family suffer but the whole society at large (Pangs Instituted). This would only predict an economic downfall of the country in the foreseeable future, if serious governmental measures were not taken. The government and other agencies must look at this problem more seriously and take he proper measures and mechanisms to resolve it, as thi s issue cannot be solved by one element of the society.Different regions and sectors of a single country can experience major differences of the impact of HIVE/AIDS. Certain parts of a country, due to deep poverty, cultural norms of the resident population, and nearness to the means of transportation, maybe more greatly affected than others. Many public and private sectors of an economy face major threats by the enormous decrease of the workforce, for example, transportation, agriculture, construction, and mining.Sectors hat face the most vulnerability are the ones that most rely on high trained employees who have high rates of AIDS contagion amongst them, like truck drivers, teachers, construction workers, etc. (UNDO n. D. A and Gillespie 1989). HIVE/AIDS is not sufficiently recognized in rural areas due to poor health care standards, limited entry to the health facilities, and insufficient data warehousing. This mainly explains that rural areas are prone to such illnesses due to l ack of adequate nursing and access to these services.There are various effects on the rural economies, which comprise allocation of insufficient resources with an accumulative demand for expenditure on health and social services. There is also a threat of collapse of the educational system due to high morbidity and mortality rates amongst educators and learners. There would also be a reduction in productivity mainly due to the replacement of older experienced workers in the field of work. Employers are to face increased labor costs because of low productivity, absenteeism, sick leaves and other benefits that include attending funerals.Premature retirement and added training costs are also significant factors (Poke, 2005). Agricultural production is often the major economic artery of the rural areas in Africa. This includes farming families whose households engage in several physical work Jobs, including home maintenance, in addition to the production of crops and care for animals. A griculture as a major factor in most of the developing countries provides the living mechanism for almost 80% of the continent's population (Abdul, & Abdul, 2010).Agriculture incurs various obstacles comprising international terms of trade, growing population density on land and environmental degradations. The spreading of HIVE/AIDS poses a major hindrance to the agricultural economy. The major threats that come up with the epidemic are the human resources, the consumption of savings, loss of farm outputs and others that affect productivity. Those problematic threats result due to agricultural downfall, which is caused mainly due to the losses of human resources and alterations of capital from agriculture.Distinguishing the effects caused by the impact of HIVE and the ones caused by other factors may be complicated as they are hardly detectable or distinguishable at times. The effect of HIVE/AIDS on agriculture includes both commercial and subsistence farming. Several studies that h ave been made on the agricultural sector mainly focus on sectors of the economy dealing with cash crops; which in return limits the scope on how deep this impact goes. Expansion out of the agricultural sector may be complex due to the virtue of the labor impacts and dynamics of the traditional social security.The costs may also be prone to pay off such things as medical care and funerals instead of productive assets (Poke, 2005). Another small scale effect is the internal knowledge of systems ND technology adapted over the years by farmers to suit the conditions of particular areas, which often die with farmers before they could pass the knowledge to other generations, particularly in HIVE/AIDS inflicted regions. On the micro-economic scale also comes the death of breadwinners due to AIDS. Which is another major problem that results in the incremental destruction of societies.This is a major socio-economic problem, especially when it includes the death of a family's sole provider as well as the working households in the area they specialize. For example, in Zanzibar the death of a breadwinner causes a significant deduction in production, and in the rural areas or other areas of communal production (Programmer De IOTA sure lee VII/SAID et lee monde du travail 2004). In conclusion, it is important to fully understand and comprehend the affect this disease has brought to Africa.The difficulties of AIDS can be seen from a household level to the whole population. Kopi Anna puts well when he said, â€Å"The global HIVE AIDS epidemic is an unprecedented crisis that requires an unprecedented response. In particular it requires solidarity between the healthy and the sick, between rich and or, and above all, between richer and poorer nations. We have 30 million orphans already. How many more do we have to get, to wake up? † (â€Å"Fighting aids,†). Also, Bill Clinton said â€Å"AIDS is no longer a death sentence for those who can get the medicines.Now it' s up to the politicians to create the ‘comprehensive strategies' to better treat the disease.

Grover Cleveland

Grover Cleveland ! Stephen Grover Cleveland was born on March 18, 1837, in Caldwell, New Jersey. Cleveland's father was a minister, originally from Connecticut, and his mother was from Baltimore. He was the ? fth of nine children, named Stephen Grover, but he did not use the name â€Å"Stephen† in his adult life. ! In 1841, his family moved to Fayetteville, New York where he spent most of his childhood. In 1850 Cleveland's father took a pastorate in Clinton, New York , and the family had to move to accommodate for his job. They moved once more in 1853 to Holland Patent, New York. Soon after the move Cleveland? s father past away. After the death of his father Cleveland dropped out of school to help support his family. A elder in his church offered to pay his college tuition if he promised to be a minister like his father, Cleveland declined, and instead decided to move West.On his way West, Cleveland stopped by his uncles house in Buffalo, New York. While there he was given a clerical job at his uncles law ? rm. Cleveland uncle was an important person in New York, and he would introduce him to a lot of in? uential men there. Cleveland later took a clerkship with the ? rm, and then became a certi? ed lawyer. Leaving his uncle? s ? rm in 1962 to start his own ? m. He built a reputation for himself as being committed and dedication to hard work. ! Cleveland stayed out of politics until 1970, where he ran for sheriff of Erie County, which he won. After his two year term as sheriff he returned to the ? eld of law, opening law ? rm with his two friends. There he found himself at the top of Buffalo's legal community. !In 1881 the democratic party leaders approached Cleveland and asked him if he would like to run for Mayor of Buffalo, he took of? ce January 2, 1882. His term as mayor gave him the reputation of being an honest politician, the reputation soon spread beyond Erie County. As Cleveland? s reputation grew, the democratic party began to consider him a p ossible nominee for governor. When the democratic convention could not decide between their two leading candidates Rosewell P. Flower, and Henry W. Slocum, Cleveland emerged as the compromise choice, and on January 1st 1883, he took of? ce winning the election by a landslide. Cleveland's blunt, honest ways as governor won him popular acclaim. ! In 1884 Cleveland was seen as a leading contender for the presidential nomination. And due to failing health of other contenders he was nominated to be the democratic nominee for the 1884 election.While the popular vote was close, with Cleveland winning by just one-quarter of a percent, the electoral votes gave Cleveland a majority of 219–182. And is sworn in as president of the United States on March 4th, 1885. ! Cleveland's ? rst term was uneventful, but was marked by ? rmness on his part to the principles which he deemed productive to the nation. He made large use of the veto power upon bills passed by Congress. On June 2, 1886, Cle veland married Frances Folsom, in the Blue Room of the white house. He was the second president to be married in the White House. After his ? st term was up the democratic party renominated Cleveland, but he lost the election, receiving 168 electoral votes, to Benjamin Harrison? s 233 votes. Even though Cleveland had lost the electoral votes, he had won the popular vote by more then 100,000 votes. Cleveland retired to private life and resumed the practice of the law in New York. ! In 1892 Cleveland was nominated for president a third time in succession. He won receiving 277 electoral votes to Harrison? s 145 (22 were cast for James B. Weaver of Iowa, the candidate of the â€Å"People's† party). Cleveland's second term included some important events.The most important was the repeal of the silver legislation, which had been a growing menace for ? fteen years. ! Cleveland's second term expired on the 4th of March 1897, and he then retired into private life. He was well respecte d, and constantly consulted on his knowledge. He was a trustee of Princeton University and Stafford Little lecturer on public affairs. And lived in New Jersey, until his death on the 24th of June 1908. Major Event During Administration ! Grover Cleveland? s ? rst term (1885-1889) was uneventful.Cleveland used his veto power sparingly. Vetoing 413 bills in his ? st term, more than two-thirds of which were private pension bills. Cleveland reduced taxation upon American citizens, due to the growing surplus of money in the United States Treasury. Cleveland was also a advocate of the tariff reform. He believed that the tariff should be reduced, this con? ict was never resolved in Cleveland? s 1885-1889 term, and would remain a problem for the upcoming elections. During his ? rst term, Cleveland appointed two justices to the supreme court. The ? rst, Lucius Q. C. Lamar in 1887, and the second Melville Fuller a few months later. ! Grover Cleveland? s second term (1893-1897) contained some notable events.The most important was the repeal of the silver legislation, this had been creeping up for the past 15 years. People would turn their coin notes in for gold, instead of silver, causing a depletion of the United States gold reserve. Cleveland repealed the act to prevent the depletion of the country's gold reserves. The problems for Cleveland didn? t stop there though. A strike began against the Pullman Company (manufacture of railroad cars) against low wages and long work hours, and by June 1894, 125,000 railroad workers were on strike, paralyzing the nations trade. Cleveland felt that a federal solution was needed.So he sent federal troops to the rail centers to insure the commerce of the united states continued. ! Having reversed the silver legislation, Cleveland? s next goal was to reverse the effects of the McKinley tariff. The Wilson-Gorman Tariff Act was ? nally passed in 1894 after many reforms by the house, this slightly reduced the United States tariff rates, and imposed a 2% income tax. Cleveland was outraged with the ? nal bill and criticized it as disgraceful product of the control of the Senate. Still he believed it was an improvement over the McKinley tariff and allowed it to become a law without his signature.Goals and Initiatives Election of 1884 ! Cleveland? s campaign for his 1884 election was focused mainly on the corruption in politics. His reputation as an opponent of corruption proved to be one of the Democrats strongest asset for the 1884 election. His opponent James G. Blaine was known to be a corrupt politician, he would corruptly in? uenced legislation in favor of the success of companies , later pro? ting on the sale of bonds he owned in them. This level of corruption made some people crowd over to Cleveland? s side, because they were more concerned with morality than with party. ! Cleveland preached honesty and ef? iency in government. Even when Cleveland was charged with fathering an illegitimate child, he immediately admitted the possibility of himself being the babies father.Election of 1888 ! Cleveland? s renomination in 1888, against Republican nominee, Benjamin Harrison, was focused mainly on the Wilson–Gorman Tariff Act. The republicans aggressively defended protective tariffs, where as Cleveland felt the tariff cost? s should be reduced. ! Cleveland was certain that he would be able to pull another victory in this election, and even though he had won the popular vote 48. 6 percent to Harrison? s 47. percent he lost the electoral vote due to slightly losing in the major game changing states. ! Election of 1892 ! The election of 1892 was a rematch of the year before, with the democrats nominating Grover Cleveland, and the republicans nominating Benjamin Harrison.Additionally, a third party had emerged on the scene: the People's Party, they had given their nomination to James B. Weaver of Iowa. ! This election was according to Cleveland biographer Allan Nevins, â€Å"the cleanest, qu ietest, and most creditable in the memory of the post-war generation† this was mostly due to the fact that Harrison? wife was dying of tuberculosis. Harrison did not personally campaign, and Cleveland followed suit out of sympathy to his political rival as not to use Mrs. Harrison's illness to his advantage. ! The issue on tariffs had worked to the republicans advantage the election before, but over the past four years the price of imported good had gotten higher and higher. So many voters who sided with Harrison the year before had turned their views to either Cleveland or Weaver of the People? s Party. In the end Cleveland won by wide margins in both the popular and electoral votes, and was elected the 24th president of the United States.Achievements ! Grover Cleveland had many achievements during his presidential career. He stopped the abandonment of the gold standard, saved land from Hawaii and to this day is the only president to serve two non-consecutive terms. Cleveland had earned the trust of the people due to his struggles to remove corruption from the political system. He is also one of the eight presidents of the United States to be printed on a bill (Paper Currency, $1,000 Bill) Evaluation ! Grover Cleveland seem? s to be the perfect politician. He was honest, fair, and experienced. I am not the only one who thought so as well.In the three times Cleveland had run for president, he had won the popular vote every time. The choices he made seemed to be very smart and evoked little hostile actions from the people of the United States.Bibliography â€Å"American President  Reference Resource: Campaigns and Elections. † Millercenter. org. The Miller Center, n. d. Web. 22 Oct. 2012. . â€Å"American President. † Millercenter. org. The Miller Center, n. d. Web. 22 Oct. 2012. . â€Å"Grover Cleveland. † Www. nndb. com. N. p. , n. d. Web. 22 Oct. 2012. . â€Å"Presidents On All US Dollar Bills, Presidents On Money. † Www. marshu. com. N. p. , n. d. Web. 22 Oct. 2012. .